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Bota

The earthquake leveled BBC Analysis: Why did the newly built buildings in Turkey collapse?

The earthquake leveled BBC Analysis: Why did the newly built buildings in Turkey

The 7.8-magnitude earthquake that struck Turkey and Syria on Monday has caused colossal damage and a tragic situation with tens of thousands of people dead, while many others are still under the rubble in search of civil emergencies. The strong tremors of the earthquake have left nothing but collapsed and destroyed buildings and blocks of buildings in several provinces of Turkey. In a BBC analysis, it has been revealed that some of the collapsed buildings had only been built for a short time and their foundations were flattened on Turkish soil. But the question that the BBC raises in this case is why the palaces and buildings that had just laid their foundations collapsed? The examination was carried out in three buildings which were turned into ruins, where it was intended to find out about the safety and how the foundations of these multi-storey buildings were erected. According to the BBC, the apartments were newly built last year and the ads stated that the building was completed in accordance with the latest earthquake regulations. All materials and workmanship used were "first class quality," the ad claimed. While the original ad is no longer available online, screenshots and videos of it circulating on social media match similar ads from the same company. The recent construction means it had to be built to the latest standards, updated in 2018, which require structures in earthquake-prone regions to use high-quality concrete reinforced with steel bars. Columns and beams must be spaced to effectively absorb the impact of earthquakes. 

The sight of newly built apartments collapsing in the earthquakes that hit Turkey has sparked outrage. The BBC examined three new buildings, turned into ruins, to find out what they reveal about the buildings' safety. Two major earthquakes - measuring 7.8 and 7.5 - leveled buildings of all kinds and killed thousands of people across southern Turkey and northern Syria.

But the fact that even some of the newest apartment blocks crumbled to dust has led to urgent questions about the buildings' safety standards. Modern construction techniques should mean that buildings can withstand earthquakes of this magnitude. And regulations after previous disasters in the country were supposed to ensure that these defenses were built.

In the first of three new building collapses identified by the BBC, footage on social media shows people screaming and running for cover. The lower half of an apartment block in Malatya is seen collapsing, leaving the remainder standing on a corner in dust and rubble.

The apartments were newly built last year and screenshots have been shared on social media showing an advertisement saying the building was "completed in accordance with the latest earthquake regulations". All materials and workmanship used were "first class quality," the ad claimed. While the original ad is no longer available online, screenshots and videos of it circulating on social media match similar ads from the same company.

The recent construction means it had to be built to the latest standards, updated in 2018, which require structures in earthquake-prone regions to use high-quality concrete reinforced with steel bars. Columns and beams must be spread out to effectively absorb the impact of earthquakes. But the BBC has not been able to verify the construction standards used in this block. Pictures show that another recently built apartment block in the port city of Iskenderun was largely destroyed. The side and rear of the 16-story building collapsed completely, leaving only a fragment of the block standing.

The BBC matched the image of the collapsed building with a publicity photo released by the construction company, which shows it was completed in 2019. This means it must have been built to the latest standards. The BBC has contacted the construction company responsible but has not heard back.

Another image in Antakya, verified by the BBC, shows most of a nine-storey apartment complex reduced to rubble, behind a sign displaying the development's name: Guclu Bahçe. We found a video of the opening ceremony of the apartment complex, which confirms that it was completed in November 2019.

In the video, Servet Atlas, the owner of Ser-Al Construction, says: "The Guclu Bahçe City project is particularly special compared to others in terms of location and construction qualities."

Me kaq shumë ndërtesa të shembur në të gjithë rajonin e goditur, shumë në Turqi kanë bërë pyetje në lidhje me natyrën e rregulloreve të ndërtimit. Megjithëse tërmetet ishin të fuqishme, ekspertët thonë se ndërtesat e ndërtuara siç duhet duhet të kishin qenë në gjendje të qëndronin në këmbë.

"Intensiteti maksimal i këtij tërmeti ishte i dhunshëm, por jo domosdoshmërisht i mjaftueshëm për të rrëzuar ndërtesat e ndërtuara mirë," thotë Prof David Alexander, një ekspert në planifikimin dhe menaxhimin e emergjencave në University College London.

"Në shumicën e vendeve niveli i lëkundjeve ishte më i vogël se maksimumi, kështu që mund të konkludojmë nga mijëra ndërtesa që u shembën, pothuajse të gjitha nuk i qëndrojnë asnjë kodi ndërtimi të pritshëm të arsyeshëm të tërmetit."

Moszbatimi i rregulloreve të ndërtimit

Rregulloret e ndërtimit janë shtrënguar pas fatkeqësive të mëparshme, duke përfshirë një tërmet të vitit 1999 rreth qytetit të Izmit, në veriperëndim të vendit, në të cilin vdiqën 17,000 njerëz. Por ligjet, duke përfshirë standardet më të fundit të vendosura në vitin 2018, janë zbatuar dobët.

"Pjesërisht, problemi është se ka shumë pak rinovim të ndërtesave ekzistuese, por gjithashtu ka shumë pak zbatim të standardeve të ndërtimit në ndërtesat e reja," thotë Prof Alexander.

Korrespondenti i BBC-së për Lindjen e Mesme, Tom Bateman, foli me njerëzit në qytetin jugor të Adanas, të cilët thanë se një ndërtesë e shembur atje ishte dëmtuar 25 vjet më parë në një tjetër tërmet, por mbeti pa ndonjë riparim të duhur.
Vende të tilla si Japonia, ku miliona njerëz jetojnë në ndërtesa të larta me popullsi të dendur, pavarësisht historisë së vendit të tërmeteve të rënda, tregojnë se si rregulloret e ndërtimit mund të ndihmojnë për t'i mbajtur njerëzit të sigurt në fatkeqësi.

Kërkesat e sigurisë së ndërtimit ndryshojnë në varësi të përdorimit të një ndërtese dhe afërsisë së saj me zonat më të rrezikuara nga tërmetet: nga forcimi i thjeshtë, te amortizuesit e lëvizjes në të gjithë ndërtesën, tek vendosja e të gjithë strukturës mbi një amortizator gjigant për ta izoluar atë nga lëvizja e tokën.

Pse zbatimi është kaq i dobët?
Në Turqi, megjithatë, qeveria ka dhënë "amnisti ndërtimi" periodike - në fakt përjashtime ligjore për pagesën e një tarife, për strukturat e ndërtuara pa certifikatat e kërkuara të sigurisë. Këto janë kaluar që nga vitet 1960 (me të fundit në 2018).
Kritikët kanë paralajmëruar prej kohësh se amnisti të tilla rrezikojnë katastrofë në rast të një tërmeti të madh. Deri në 75,000 ndërtesa në të gjithë zonën e prekur nga tërmeti në Turqinë jugore u është dhënë amnisti ndërtimi, sipas Pelin Pinar Giritlio?lu, kreu i Stambollit të Unionit të Dhomave të Inxhinierëve Turkë dhe Arkitektëve të Dhomës së Planifikuesve të Qytetit.

Vetëm pak ditë përpara katastrofës së fundit, media turke raportoi se një projektligj i ri po pret miratimin parlamentar, i cili do të jepte një amnisti të mëtejshme për punimet e fundit të ndërtimi. Gjeologu Celal Sengor tha në fillim të këtij viti se miratimi i amnistive të tilla ndërtimore në një vend të përçarë nga linjat e gabimeve përbën një "krim" .

Pas një tërmeti vdekjeprurës që goditi provincën perëndimore të Izmirit në vitin 2020, një raport i BBC-së turke zbuloi se 672,000 ndërtesa në Izmir kishin përfituar nga amnistia më e fundit.

The same report quoted the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization as saying that in 2018 more than 50% of buildings in Turkey - equivalent to almost 13 million buildings - were built in violation of regulations. Asked about construction standards after the latest earthquakes, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization said: "Not a single building built by our administration has collapsed. Damage assessment studies are continuing rapidly on the ground."